LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls - list directory contentsSYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..--author
with -l, print the author of each file-b, --escape
print octal escapes for nongraphic characters--block-size=SIZE
use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries ending with ~-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN]
colorize the output. WHEN defaults to ‘always’ or can be ‘never’ or ‘auto’. More info below-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not derefer- ence symbolic links-D, --dired
generate output designed for Emacs’ dired mode-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries--file-type
likewise, except do not append ‘*’--format=WORD
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C--full-time
like -l --time-style=full-iso-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files.augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U)
disables grouping-G, --no-group
in a long listing, don’t print group names-h, --human-readable
with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link that points to a direc- tory--hide=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)--indicator-style=WORD
append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)-i, --inode
print the index number of each file-I, --ignore=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa- tion for the file the link references rather than for the link itself-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs-N, --literal
print raw entry names (don’t treat e.g. control characters spe- cially)-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories-q, --hide-control-chars
print ? instead of non graphic characters--show-control-chars
show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is ‘ls’ and output is a terminal)-Q, --quote-name
enclose entry names in double quotes--quoting-style=WORD
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape-r, --reverse
reverse order while sorting-R, --recursive
list subdirectories recursively-s, --size
print the allocated size of each file, in blocks-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD
sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v--time=WORD
with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time--time-style=STYLE
with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like ‘date’; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with ‘posix-’, STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access
time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS
assume screen width instead of current value-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
SELinux options:
--lcontext
Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays.-Z, --context
Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays only mode, user, group, security context and file name.--scontext
Display only security context and file name.--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exitSIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of fol-
lowing: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.Exit status:
0 if OK,1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
AUTHOR
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.REPORTING BUGS
Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/> Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com- mandinfo coreutils 'ls invocation'
should give you access to the complete manual.
GNU coreutils 8.4 March 2017 LS(1)